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Purpose@#To investigate the influence of multiple recurrences and repeated surgeries of Hunner lesions on bladder capacity under general anesthesia in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of Hunner-type IC (HIC) patients who underwent transurethral fulguration or resection of Hunner lesions combined with hydrodistension by a single surgeon between 2011 and 2020. Recurrence was defined as reappearance of uncontrolled urinary symptoms in association with new Hunner lesions identified by cystoscopy. Recurrent Hunner lesions were then treated by transurethral surgeries. The recurrence-free rate, potential predictive factors of recurrence, and changes in bladder capacity under anesthesia were examined at each surgical procedure. @*Results@#A total of 92 surgeries were performed in 47 HIC patients, 23 (49%) of whom required multiple procedures (range, 1–5 times). The mean recurrence-free time after the first surgery was 21.7 months. The recurrence-free rate was 53% at 24 months, and decreased to 32% at 48 months. There were no significant differences in age, sex, bladder capacity under anesthesia at the first surgery, duration from symptom onset to the first surgery, O’Leary-Sant questionnaire including symptom and problem indexes, visual analogue scale pain score, and the number of comorbidities between the cases with or without recurrence. Bladder capacity under anesthesia was gradually decreased as the number of surgeries was increased, and bladder capacity at the fourth procedure was significantly decreased to 80% of the capacity at the first surgery. @*Conclusions@#These results suggest that multiple recurrences and repeated surgeries of Hunner lesions result in a reduction of bladder capacity under anesthesia in HIC patients although no predictive factors for recurrence of Hunner lesions were detected.
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Over the past 20 years, the Center for Medical Education Development Center, Gifu University has been working on training medical educators across the country. The Center offers a wide variety of programs to meet participants’ various needs and levels, targeting medical educators and administrative staff in various fields such as dentistry, pharmacy, nursing, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. This paper introduces the “Medical Education Starter Kit,” “Fellowship Program,” and “Master’s Course of Health Professions Education” among the programs. The objectives, target participants, and features of each program are outlined, including future prospects.
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The patient was a six-month-old girl with an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA). She had fever and visited a family physician at 5 months of age. Because of poor oxygenation, she was referred to our pediatric department and intubated soon after hospitalization. Echocardiography showed that the orifice of left coronary artery was just above pulmonary commissure, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 9%, and the level of mitral regurgitation was moderate. Right coronary angiography showed that the left coronary artery contrasted against the collateral arteries. The left coronary artery originated from the left side of the pulmonary trunk. After recovery of the general condition with medical therapy, the patient underwent coronary artery reconstruction by the modified spiral cuff technique on the 21st day of hospitalization. The temporary detachment of pulmonary valve and its commissure for making a margin around the left coronary artery enabled us to make the spiral cuff in almost the usual manner. She was moved to the intensive care unit with the support of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) and was successfully weaned off the VA-ECMO 5 days after the surgery. The postoperative course was good, and she was discharged from our hospital 3 months after the surgery. The echocardiogram one year after the surgery showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 30%, mild mitral regurgitation, and mild pulmonary regurgitation. Our experience indicates that the spiral cuff technique is a useful coronary reconstruction method for the treatment of ALCAPA, especially in cases presenting a considerable distance between the origin of the left coronary artery and the transplantation site. There are few reports regarding the surgical treatment of infantile ALCAPA showing reduced left ventricular function. Coronary artery reconstruction using the spiral cuff method and planned VA-ECMO are useful surgical procedures in such cases. Our experience also suggests that the establishment of a treatment strategy including mechanical support is essential to improve the results in severe ALCAPA cases.
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Purpose: To clarify the awareness of residency program coordinators on their roles and attributes. Methods: We asked residency program coordinator’s to describe their perception of “roles” and “attributes” that they consider important, We then, qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzed the data. Results: Administrative work, public relations activities, coordination, pastoral and educational roles such as mental support, life support, and social education for trainees were extracted as the roles they identified. Regarding the attributes, humanity, the improvement of the quality of work, and various attributes for human resource development were extracted such as counselors, communication, harmonious human relationship, trainee-centeredness and educational mindset. Discussion: The residency program coordinators perceived the importance of their “roles” and “attributes” for the development of trainees. Our results may be able to contribute to the development of current and future coordinators.
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Pulmonary hypertension persisted in a 57-year-old man after mitral and tricuspid valve replacement to treat mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. Heart failure gradually worsened after surgery. Pulmonary hypertension was initially considered as the major reason for the heart failure, and inhaled nitric oxide was administered. Thereafter, the heart failure improved and mechanical circulatory assist could have been avoided. We believe that inhaled nitric oxide is a less invasive and effective method for improving pulmonary hypertension and hemodynamics after mitral valve replacement.
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A 17-days-old-girl with pulmonary artery (PA) sling, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and persistent left superior vena cava was admitted to our hospital. Despite good respiratory status just after birth, the respiratory status gradually worsened, and tracheal intubation was performed on 13th day after birth. Emergency division of the PDA was conducted on day 16. Although preoperative computed-tomography did not demonstrate tracheal stenosis, bronchoscopy after tracheal intubation revealed progression of tracheal stenosis with difficulty for stable anesthetic management. Therefore, operation was postponed to re-evaluate tracheal stenosis. Bronchoscopy and computed-tomography revealed the worsening of tracheal stenosis. Eventually, we performed total correction of the PA sling and tracheal stenosis on day 17. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established after median sternotomy. After transection of the PDA, the left PA originating from the right PA was also transected, and transplanted to the main PA. Then, sliding tracheoplasty was performed following the division of the tracheal stenotic region. Her respiratory condition improved after operation, and postoperative computed-tomography showed successful correction of tracheal stenosis. Although few such cases were reported for neonatal PA sling requiring concomitant tracheoplasty, this case suggests that total correction of PA sling and tracheal stenosis is feasible and useful surgical procedure for such cases.
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Introduction: The best method of analyzing the overall ability of medical students is currently not known. However, we comprehensively analyzed summative assessments in order to characterize the capabilities of medical students.Method: In 2014, 97 medical graduates, who were attending a national medical school, were asked to complete a computer-based test, a pre-clinical clerkship objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), a post-clinical clerkship OSCE, clinical clerkship assessment sheets, repetition of the same grade and the national examination for medical practitioners. Results were analyzed using multivariate analysis.Results: In the principal component analysis, it was suggested that the first component indicates comprehensive academic achievement and the second component indicates engagement in clinical training. In the cluster analysis, clusters were classified by the values of the first and second components. In this analysis, the number of students who failed the national exam and repeated the same grade were significantly greater in each cluster.Discussion: This study demonstrates that the comprehensive analysis of summative assessments could be used to clarify the capabilities of medical students.
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<p>A five-year-old boy with a univentricular heart, inferior vena cava interruption, and azygos connection was admitted to our hospital to undergo a staged Fontan-type procedure. Pectus excavatum had developed after he underwent total cavopulmonary shunt at the age of three years. Computed tomography revealed that the hepatic vein was just behind the recessed sternum. We performed simultaneous Nuss and Fontan-type procedures because we were afraid of the compression of the Fontan pathway from the hepatic vein to the pulmonary artery by the recessed sternum. A cardiopulmonary bypass was established and the hepatic vein and pulmonary artery were bypassed with a 16-mm expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft. After removing the cardiopulmonary bypass, the Nuss procedure was performed. Although the bilateral thoracic cavities were diffusely and densely adhered, adhesiotomy was safely performed under direct visualization. The postoperative course was uneventful. Postoperative computed tomography showed that the pectus excavatum was well repaired and the Fontan pathway was not compressed by the sternum. Although there are few reports of Fontan-type and Nuss procedures being simultaneously performed, this method is useful for securing the space of the Fontan pathway and for preserving good Fontan circulation in the long term.</p>
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<p> This study examined the cases of the difficult encounters with problematic students that academic administrative staffs in the health professions education institutons faces. 185 cases were obtained from the 143 administrative staffs who participated in the training program for academic administrative staffs training from 2013 to 2015. Although there are 136 cases (73.5%) related to the problem students, some cases existed which problems were from the system or faculty members. In order to dealing with difficult encounters appropriately in the health care professional training institutions, the cooperation between teachers and academic administrative staffs is indispensable.</p>
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<p>Introduction: The problems of problem learners hare not been systematically demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to summarize the English expression and definition of problem learners and classify factors associated with problems.</p><p>Method: A systematic literature review was conducted.</p><p>Results: The expressions extracted were disability, learning disorders, at-risk, difficult, problem, struggle, underperform, unprofessional, unsafe, gifted, and outstanding. Factors associated with the problems were classified into learners' characteristics, cognition, attitude, and skill.</p><p>Discussion: These findings will help teachers understand and detect the problems of problem learners appropriately.</p>
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<p> This paper reports how Gifu University has been developing an extracurricular course for interprofessional education (IPE) in collaboration with multi-institutions for three years. Since the planning and implementation of such an IPE course have not been described exhaustively, we summarize our experience and the outcomes based on the analysis of a questionnaire survey involving the participants, including students and faculty members.</p>
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<p> To effectively educate medical teachers for clerkship and residency training, the international faculty development program was developed. Ten faculties of the School of Medicine participated in the program and learned about clinical education through lectures and direct observations, transforming their educational perspectives. Factors to optimize such an international faculty development program were discussed: 1) Authentic educational institution and environment, 2) matching the participants' specialty and subject at the observation site, 3) optimal combination of lectures, direct observations, and debriefing sessions, 4) mutual understanding of cultural differences, and 5) sense of community cultivated by experiencing the program for a week. Those factors suggest ways for further improvement to reform the program, promote better management, and conduct educational research on faculty development.</p>
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Background: Development in internet technology enables e-learning at the higher education level. We have developed the Internet PBL-Tutorial System/Rakuichi that allows multi-directional communication among participants with web-based bulletin boards. Although this system has been successful in medical education at the undergraduate level, we sought to encourage “readonly members” to participate more fully in the program. Methods: To this end, we compared the posting frequency among three strategies: (1) students and tutors had an off-site meeting to promote face-to-face communication during the course, (2) several classes were allowed to watch the discussion in other classes in the second half of the course, (3) three classes (5 – 6 students each) in one topic were combined into one class (16 students) in the second half. Results: No meaningful effects were observed for strategies (1) or (2). However, the posting frequency increased 50 % for strategy (3). Conclusion: Facilitation of communication among participants was achieved by increasing the number of student participants. We predicted that an optimal number of students in each class in internet-based PBL would be ~20 people.
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Modern medical education stresses the importance of staff／faculty development and its evaluation. The Medical Education Development Center of Gifu University has been accredited by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology as a National Collaboration Center and has held Seminar and Workshop on medical education 50 times over 14 years towards achieving the mission of staff／faculty development in Japan. Through the analysis of the characteristics of participants and the topics of the workshops and seminars held by the Medical Education Development Center, the history and future of staff／faculty development were examined. The key points suggested to predict the direction of staff／faculty development in the education of health professionals were: acquisition of comprehensive teaching competence, various learning strategies, the importance of work place and practicality, collaborative learning beyond boundaries, scholarly discussion to integrate international and domestic evidence, continuing professional development, and evaluation based on learning stage.
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<b>Objective</b> : Transarterial or transapical aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedures have been performed for high-risk patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) in western countries. A high-risk patient is defined as having an STS score greater than 10%. In Japan, aortic valve replacement (AVR) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is standard care for AS, even if the patient is at high risk of developing complications. We calculated an expected operative risk of patients using a JAPAN score established by Japanese Adult Cardiovascular Surgery Database (JACVSD). <b>Patients and Methods</b> : Patients were divided into three groups : score less than 5%, low risk (LR) ; score 5-10%, moderate risk (MR) ; score more than 10%, high risk (HR). We also evaluated the efficacy of conventional AVR in each group. Between January 2002 and May 2011, we performed conventional AVR in our hospital and 116 patients who underwent AVR for symptomatic AS were enrolled in this study. <b>Results</b> : There were 79 patients in the LR group, 30 patients in the MR group and 7 patients in the HR group. The mean score was 2.6±1.1% in the LR group, 6.8±1.4% in the MR group and 23.3±16.8% in the HR group respectively. The mean follow-up period was 7.6±0.3 years. Preoperative co-morbidity was not statistically significant among three groups, however more octogenarians were found in the HR group. The aortic valve area and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were significantly smaller in the HR group. There were 4 cancer patients. The HR group had significantly longer operation and CPB times than the LR group. The operative mortality in all cases was 1.6%. Overall survival at 5 years was 78%. Actual survival at 5 years was 77% in the LR group, 82% in the MR group and 71% in the HR group. The major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE)-free ratio at 5 years was 85%. Absence of death caused by MACCE at 5 years was 93%. All cancer patients died after AVR due to advancement in cancer. <b>Conclusion</b> : The results of conventional AVR with CPB were satisfactory in each group. Cancer patients may be good candidates for TAVR in the future.
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Objectives: To clarify differences in medical students’ emotional intelligence and empathy among 4 school years and sex.<br>Methods: A cross-sectional study of 370 medical students in years 1, 2, 4, and 6 was performed with Japanese versions of 2 self-reported questionnaires: the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Short Form （TEIQue-SF） and the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy–Student Version （JSPE-S）.<br>Results: Total scores of the TEIQue–SF tended to decrease in higher school years. However, the total score of the JSPE-S was significantly increased in year 6 but was decreased in year 4. Male students had higher TEIQue–SF scores, and female students had higher JSPE-S scores. Of the 4 factors of the TEIQue–SF compared （well-being, self-control, emotionality, and sociability）, only sociability was higher in males. No differences were found among school years. The scores of the TEIQue–SF and the JSPE-S showed a weak correlation. Of the factors of the TEIQue–SF, only self-control showed no correlation with the JSPE-S.<br>Discussion and Conclusion: These results suggest that the emotional intelligence of both male and female medical students tends to decline. The increase in JSPE-S scores in year 6 suggests that medical interview training is effective. Furthermore, training is important both to enhance emotional intelligence and to teach self-control skills.
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Emotional intelligence and empathy are crucial in patient–physician relationships and clinical outcomes. It has been reported that both emotional intelligence and empathy decrease as students advance through medical school. This study aimed to validate Japanese versions of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Short Form （TEIQue–SF）, developed by Petrides and Furnham （2001）, and the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy （JSPE）, developed by Hojat et al. （2001）.<br>1）The TEIQue–SF and JSPE were translated and administered to 370 medical students. Valid responses were obtained from 321 students（88%）.<br>2）Cronbach’s alpha for internal reliability was high for both the TEIQue–SF （0.87） and the JSPE （0.89）. All item total score correlations were positive for both the TEIQue–SF （range, 0.29 to 0.64） and the JSPE （range, 0.27 to 0.72）.<br>3）Cronbach’s alpha was smaller if an item was deleted than if all items were included for both the TEIQue–SF （0.84–0.85） and the JSPE （0.81–0.86）.<br>4）Factor analysis of both the TEIQue–SF and the JSPE revealed that the Japanese versions had some structural differences from the original versions. However, criterion–related analysis showed that the TEIQue–SF and the JSPE were highly correlated with the NEO–Five Factor Inventory, a measure of the Big Five personality traits.<br>5）These findings provide support for the construct validity and reliability of the Japanese versions of the TEIQue–SF and the JSPE when used for medical students. Further investigation is needed.
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1)In medical education in the United Kingdom, departments of general practice organize the basic training in clinical skills and specialty training in primary care.<br>2)A clinical clerkship in primary care is a compulsory 5–week subject, as are clerkships in internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics/gynecology, and psychiatry.<br>3)As a tutorial training system has been established, general practitioners are contributing to medical education as clinical instructors.
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1) We conducted a workshop to discuss the definition of the term "physician scientist", what thought processes and competencies are expected, and how to better help physician scientists develop through medical schools.2) The definition of a physician-scientist is a physician who both provides patient care and approaches unsolved questions in understanding the mechanisms of diseases and developing new treatments.3) Essential conditions for a medical school to cultivate physician scientists include providing good role models for physician scientists, making efforts to stimulate students' motivation, and supporting collaboration among physicians and scientists on the faculty.
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The Medical Education Development Center has organized seminars and workshops for medical education 30 times from 2000 through 2008 throughout Japan. The participants have numbered more than 3200 and have included educators, physicians, students, and simulated patients. The topics of seminars and workshops have included problem-based learning tutorial systems, medical interview skills, objective structured clinical examinations, evidence-based medicine, coaching technology, simulations, and community medicine in response to educational needs. A questionnaire survey of 1793 participants of the 11th to 30th seminars and workshops (response rate, 85.6%) showed a high degree of satisfaction (4.33±0.13 of 5 points). Invited lecturers and directors from throughout the country often organized these workshops. The results of workshops are reported in our annual monograph, "Trends in Medical Education."